<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0' version='2.0'><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Fri, 30 Apr 2010 17:57:50 +0000</lastBuildDate><title>moohna's musings</title><description>A blog describing progress and discoveries in several areas of my interest: Digital Media Design, Haptic Interfaces, Social Media/Computer mediated Communication to list a few. Mainly focused on my teaching on the MA Design for Digital Media and my PhD research, but also the Nested Narratives project and other research activity.</description><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/blogger.html</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>35</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-6221216212774891971</guid><pubDate>Fri, 30 Apr 2010 17:57:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-04-30T18:57:50.105+01:00</atom:updated><title>This blog has moved</title><atom:summary type='text'>       This blog is now located at http://moohnaland.blogspot.com/.       You will be automatically redirected in 30 seconds or you may click here.       For feed subscribers, please update your feed subscriptions to       http://moohnaland.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default.  </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2010/04/this-blog-has-moved</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-2498655519199265481</guid><pubDate>Thu, 11 Feb 2010 16:06:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2010-02-11T16:17:50.813Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>PG Cert</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>Learning and Teaching</category><title>PG Cert Learning &amp; Teaching in Higher Education</title><atom:summary type='text'>Started the PG Certificate for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education the other week, and today was the first peer learning group meeting. It was interesting to meet the others and hear about the different backgrounds and concerns. The perceived contrasts between Art and Science for example will provide some interesting discussions in my opinion. The most important thing for me for now is to </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2010/02/pg-cert-learning-teaching-in-higher</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-3202117273594315956</guid><pubDate>Fri, 11 Dec 2009 15:55:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-12-11T15:59:14.346Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>retro</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>MA DDM</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>technology</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>Steampunk</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>gadgets</category><title>Steampunk Gadgets</title><atom:summary type='text'>This is interesting - some intriguing gadget design fusing "intersection of technology and romance where the future meets the past: Victorian era inventions clash with often dark alternate realities." This might feature well in the Critical Design aspect of the unit 'Research * Development'. These designs are obviously unnecessary, but they force us to confront our notions of what technology </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/12/steampunk-gadgets</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-7302104305423950816</guid><pubDate>Fri, 11 Dec 2009 15:47:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-12-11T15:50:04.956Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>photograph</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>inspiration</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>visual effect</category><title>Inspiring Visuals - Liquid splashes</title><atom:summary type='text'>Just came across a selection of 'Amazing Liquid sculptures" - photographs taken in the moment of liquid splashes. I love this kind of stuff and would like to create my own. I like the 3D and almost tactile quality, and the ephemerality of it. It just makes it really special, the thought that this only existed for a split second - and was formed organically.http://funlok.com/index.php/creativity/</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/12/inspiring-visuals-liquid-splashes</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-1846613171394951313</guid><pubDate>Wed, 09 Dec 2009 14:49:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-12-09T14:55:19.904Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>affective computing</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>MA DDM</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>experience research</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>robots</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>interaction design</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>experience design</category><title>Technology... with personality?</title><atom:summary type='text'>Anna's Transformation project on the acceptance of technology and the phenomenon of Robots has caused me to blog this article. It is written from the point of view of interaction/experience design and gives a few good examples (looking at visual anthropomorphism for example) as well as insights into how to convey emotion. Turns out Experience Designers Shedroff and Noessel back up my point about </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/12/technology-with-personality</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-2380795116307730481</guid><pubDate>Tue, 08 Dec 2009 12:40:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-12-08T12:45:59.037Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>magazines</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>MA DDM</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>interaction design</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>digital experience</category><title>Digital Magazine Experiments pt 2</title><atom:summary type='text'>This project by one of the MA DDM students, Anna, is really shaping up to be interesting - and looking at the recent developments could be a more than pertinent investigation. As Paul pointed out, the fact that Apple is intending to release a handheld tablet device could breathe new life into the e-reader and digital reading experience... A more traditional (!) attempt by Wired Magazine, </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/12/digital-magazine-experiments-pt-2</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-8364145345241617245</guid><pubDate>Thu, 26 Nov 2009 15:32:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-11-26T15:36:43.789Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>blog</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>creative</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>interface design</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>inspiration</category><title>Creative Blogging</title><atom:summary type='text'>This is an interesting blog, as the author designs each entry according to its content. He has adapted a content management system that allows more than a steady trickle into the same old template layouts. His new system allows him to make " fast design direction based on the needs of the content". He says that this might mean the quality suffers occasionally, however I don't think this is the </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/11/creative-blogging</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-7025545485787353953</guid><pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 13:17:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-11-25T13:37:27.854Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>data protection</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>comment</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>google</category><title>German government raises concerns about Google Wave's data protection efforts</title><atom:summary type='text'>The Bundesamt fuer Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik (roughly translates as 'Federal office for Security in Information Technologies) in Germany mainly voiced concerns about the loss of control over data once subscribed to the service Google Wave. Google has reacted surprised to this, mainly at the fact that the institute is passing judgement on a service that has not been publicly released </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/11/german-government-raises-concerns-about</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-5241757702164402236</guid><pubDate>Wed, 25 Nov 2009 12:56:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-11-25T13:14:00.559Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>magazines</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>MA DDM</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>digital experience</category><title>Digital Magazine Experiments</title><atom:summary type='text'>I came across a blog post yesterday, reporting on an experimental online magazine. This lead me on a quick stab journey, also inspired by Anna's interest in the experience of reading magazines and how this could change, be supported or enhanced through digital media.A Portuguese success story: could i be the future of newspapers?http://www.editorsweblog.org/analysis/2009/11/</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/11/digital-magazines-experiments</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-3886390922772442174</guid><pubDate>Wed, 18 Nov 2009 11:26:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-11-18T11:49:12.631Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>MA DDM</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>teaching</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>experience research</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>ethnography</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>research methods</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>user research</category><title>Using Ethnography for User Experience Research</title><atom:summary type='text'>Here is an article making the link more directly between Ethnography and User Experience Research, as a step before Usability Testing. This relates to recent discussion in the Research Methods unit which dealt with Ethnography (Michele-Anne's session) and then linked to User Experience Research.http://www.cxpartners.co.uk/thoughts/using_ethnography_to_improve_user_experience.htm</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/11/using-ethnography-for-user-experience</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-8938848435215273260</guid><pubDate>Fri, 06 Nov 2009 10:18:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-11-06T10:22:02.114Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>touch</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>multitouch</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>interface</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>haptic</category><title>The newest developments in Multitouch</title><atom:summary type='text'>There has been quite a buzz around the possibilities of multitouch technologies in discussion on the MA DDM this week. Here is a glance at the latest developments - a tactile, raised interface which reacts to touch. In its current incarnation a little more than weird, but all the same fascinating for its potential.http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10388260-1.html</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/11/newest-developments-in-multitouch</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-1884715390141612495</guid><pubDate>Mon, 02 Nov 2009 11:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-11-02T11:49:51.026Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>web 2.0</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>MA DDM</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>course</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>social media</category><title>Digital Media Tools - web 2.0</title><atom:summary type='text'>Still trying to synchronise all the web 2.0 service I use (blog, twitter, wiki, social bookmarking) into a coherent platform for digital communication - and working out which service is the best for which task, and which is just a lot of redundant nonsense. We now have the MA DDM course wiki, which is shaping up great. Uptake of the educational twitter service edmodo has been reluctant, so I'm </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/11/digital-media-tools-web-20</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-7877688094842518589</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2009 11:28:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-07-02T12:31:52.202+01:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>MA DDM</category><title>Wiki - Digimites</title><atom:summary type='text'>I have also started off the creation of a wiki for the MA Design for Digital Media. As this is a collaborative tool, I am hoping the students will get involved in the design of the interface as well as the structure and content. It is a great way to get involved with shaping an interface, without any knowledge of webdesign required. It is a shared space for course information, work files, </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/07/wiki-digimites</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-6035153092859567396</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2009 11:28:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-07-02T12:28:42.268+01:00</atom:updated><title>Wiki -</title><atom:summary type='text'></atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/07/wiki</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-3471326536004293823</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2009 11:24:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-07-02T12:28:26.556+01:00</atom:updated><title>Edmodo</title><atom:summary type='text'>Edmodo is a microblogging service created particularly for educational use. It is possible to create groups and therefore any information is just shared amongst members, and not public. This is obviously particularly important in schools. We will be using and investigating this sort of communication medium within the MA Design for Digital Media, as critical users and designers. It is a timely </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/07/edmodo</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-1573452331669223682</guid><pubDate>Thu, 02 Jul 2009 11:16:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-07-02T12:17:49.722+01:00</atom:updated><title>MA Design for Digital Media - web 2.0</title><atom:summary type='text'>We are getting with the programme on our MA DDM, and we now have a course wiki called Digimites, as well as using the educational twitter service Edmodo. Let's see how it develops!</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/07/ma-design-for-digital-media-web-20</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-8030074367220418083</guid><pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2009 14:32:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-04-17T15:41:17.748+01:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>tangible</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>interface</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>interaction design</category><title>Embodied Interaction Workshop at IDC  2009</title><atom:summary type='text'>Keeping a look out for the conference on Interaction Design for Children, which I have been wanting to attend for years. My last chance was with a paper on MEDIATE, but got beaten to it by the most prolific disseminator in the project, Narcis Pares.However, Alissa N. Antles's works sounds intriguing and I shall look here up some more (one of the co-organisors of the Embodied Interaction Workshop.</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/04/embodied-interaction-workshop-at-idc</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-6700175174938415005</guid><pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2009 14:05:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-04-17T15:14:30.648+01:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>archiving</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>beyond text</category><title>Media Archaeology Festival</title><atom:summary type='text'>This might find in with recent discussions I've been having with my colleagues about archiving digital media projects. There are obvious hindrances such as out-of-date technology that makes it impossible to display lovingly crafted interactive experiences after a few years. There is also the issue of a perceived need to describe art works and design in words - with artifacts designed to be seen </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/04/media-archaeology-festival</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-5348772009106209788</guid><pubDate>Fri, 17 Apr 2009 12:28:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-04-17T13:40:19.013+01:00</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>blog</category><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>haptic</category><title>Haptics blogs</title><atom:summary type='text'>Bloggers with an interest in HapticsAngela Chang - M.I.T. alumni, communications technology/media art scienehttp://www.anjchang.com/anjblog/index.htmlAndrew Sargeant - Student at Plymouth Universityhttp://www.evolvingthought.com/blog/</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/04/haptics-blogs</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-7198793838082035033</guid><pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2009 18:51:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-03-17T18:56:10.529Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>MA DDM</category><title>MA Design for Digital Media - facelift!</title><atom:summary type='text'>Since taking on a greater responsibility in teaching on the MA Design for Digital Media, I have been pondering the use of Web 2.0 to integrate course information, discussion and facilitate exchange - at the same time as encouraging the students to get in involved in these digital networks. Only by taking part will you be able to critically analyse, and in turn adapt, create and innovate </atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/03/ma-design-for-digital-media-facelift</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-6085666211065184414</guid><pubDate>Tue, 17 Mar 2009 18:14:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2009-03-17T18:15:40.541Z</atom:updated><category domain='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#'>waffle</category><title>Back on my blog</title><atom:summary type='text'>I've finally faced the new log-in procedure and found it to be a lot more painless than I had first imagined - hence no posts for ages. This blog needs to be revived though!!</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2009/03/back-on-my-blog</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-115107367879179413</guid><pubDate>Fri, 23 Jun 2006 14:29:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2006-06-23T15:41:18.843+01:00</atom:updated><title>more stuff about blogging...</title><atom:summary type='text'>http://www.bloggerheads.com/political_weblogs/basics.html</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2006/06/more-stuff-about-blogging</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-114658551631918756</guid><pubDate>Tue, 02 May 2006 15:15:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2006-05-15T16:21:20.123+01:00</atom:updated><title>My article published in Springer's Virtual Reality Journal - yay!</title><atom:summary type='text'>"We are very pleased to be the first to congratulate you on the electronic publication of your article "Freshly squeezed touch into bits: towards the development of a haptic design palette" published in "Virtual Reality".If your institution has access to this journal, you may view your paper at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10055-006-0022-x (you may need to copy and paste the URL into your browser)</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2006/05/my-article-published-in-springers_02</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-112982472307197236</guid><pubDate>Thu, 20 Oct 2005 15:52:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2005-10-20T17:12:07.343+01:00</atom:updated><title>Links for RM unit on "Blogs" and "Citizen journalism"</title><atom:summary type='text'>Here is a list of links that might be interesting to shape a picture of what citizen journalism is and how it is viewed.Politics/Election campaignsPress Think: Jay Rosen's Blog about the relationship of blogs and the mediahttp://journalism.nyu.edu/pubzone/weblogs/pressthink/TalkLeft: Blog with political leaninghttp://www.talkleft.com/"The American Street": Fun-Politicshttp://www.reachm.com/</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2005/10/links-for-rm-unit-on-blogs-and-citizen</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>4</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink='false'>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10363832.post-112972325502871498</guid><pubDate>Wed, 19 Oct 2005 11:54:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2005-10-19T13:01:36.576+01:00</atom:updated><title>MA Real Time Media at Portsmouth</title><atom:summary type='text'>I teach on the MA Design for Digital Media and the MA Real Time Media at Portsmouth University. There is a blog for the latter, maintained by David Garcia.http://blog.hku.nl/RTM-course/The Design for Digital Media course is led by Paul Newland, information and some examples of work can be found here.http://www.port.ac.uk/courses/coursetypes/postgraduate/MADesignForDigitalMedia/portfolio/</atom:summary><link>http://www.moohnaland.de/blog/2005/10/ma-real-time-media-at-portsmouth</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (moohna)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 